Pathology | howMed – Part 6

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Bone is constantly undergoing formation & resorption (remodeling) with the two processes occurring in equal amounts. Markers with increased bone … Read More »

The causes of osteomalacia may be grouped into vitamin disorders, calcium deficiency, phosphate deficiency, disorders of bone matrix and inhibitors … Read More »

Major Classification of Osteopenia Osteoporosis Osteogenesis imperfecta Osteomalacia Malignancy Osteitis fibrosa Classification of osteoporosis 1.    Senile 8. Genetic disorders 2.    … Read More »

Hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism may be primary or secondary. 1.    Primary hyperparathyroidism a.    Sporadic       Causes ·         Solitary adenoma (commonest) ·         Cheif … Read More »

Causes of Hypocalcemia 1.    Artifact (low serum albumin; rapid volume expansion) 2.    Hypoparathyroidism 3.    Pseudohypoparathyroidism 4.    Postoperative resection of parathyroid … Read More »

Calcium Calcium is a major constituent of bone and hence an important structural element in the body. Plasma Calcium The … Read More »

A working definition of clinical hypoglycaemia is a low blood glucose level less than 3.0 mmol/l, associated with characteristic, but … Read More »

Diabetes is diagnosed if: a. HbA1C ≥ 6.5%, OR b. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l), OR c. … Read More »

WHO Definition of Diabetes Mellitus A state of chronic hyperglycaemia which may result from genetic or environmental factors often acting … Read More »

Fasting blood glucose level higher than 126 mg/dl or 7.0 mmol/l is labeled as hyperglycemia. Fasting hyperglycaemia may occur in … Read More »