Cushing Syndrome
By Darth, on March 10th, 2011
A 24 years old (1) female (2) presented in OPD with a 7 months history of puffiness of the face that progressed to generalized swelling of the body(3) and backache without any trauma (4). Besides, she had complaints of progressively increasing weakness of the muscles (5) and polyuria (6). On examination, the patient had moon . . . → Read More: Cushing Syndrome
Thyroid hormones
By Darth, on March 5th, 2011
A lady (1) of 33 years age (2) presented in clinic complaining of increased anxiety (3) and loss of weight (4) despite a healthy appetite (5). She had also noticed an increased frequency of stools (6). She felt extremely tried (7), sweat profusely (8) and could not tolerate hot weather (9).
On examination she appeared agitated (10) . . . → Read More: Thyroid hormones
Stress Management
By admin, on March 3rd, 2011
“Stress is not necessarily something bad – it all depends on how you take it. The stress of creative successful work is beneficial, while that of failure, humiliation or infection is detrimental.”
(Hans Selye)
What is Stress?
Stress is any event which disturbs our physical or psychological equilibrium and requires some adjustment to bring back that equilibrium.
Stress may be . . . → Read More: Stress Management
Derivatives of Mesoderm (Embryonic Period)
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
•Initially cells of mesodermal germ layer forms a thin sheet of loosely woven tissue on each side of midline.
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
PARAXIAL MESODERM
•Begins to organize into segments – SOMITOMERES (Cephalocaudally) •Mesodermal cells are arranged in concentric whorls around a small cavity. •Form in association with neuromeres in the head region.
•SOMITES (from occipital region . . . → Read More: Derivatives of Mesoderm (Embryonic Period)
Derivatives of Ectodermal Germ Layer (Embryonic Period)
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
HUMAN EMBRYONIC PERIOD (3rd to 8th WEEK)
This is the organogenetic period in which all major external and internal structures are established and the main organ systems have begun to develop. By the 8th week the embryo has a distinctly human appearance.
Referred as neurula
DERIVATIVES OF ECTODERMAL GERM LAYER
DISC IN 3RD Week:
From egg shape to pear shape and later . . . → Read More: Derivatives of Ectodermal Germ Layer (Embryonic Period)
First and second week of development
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
First week of development
CLEAVAGE
Cleavage is the series of mitotic cell divisions of the zygote, resulting in the formation of early embryonic cells blastomeres. size of the cleaving zygote remains unchanged while blastomeres become smaller.
Until the 8-cell stage, they form a loosely arranged clump.
SITE OF CLEAVAGE
Division of zygote into blastomeres begins approximately 30 hours after fertilization.
Cleavage . . . → Read More: First and second week of development
Spermatogenesis
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
The reproductive system of the male has —two major functions:
—Production of sperm —
Delivery of these to the reproductive tract of the female.
Formation of Testis
First 6 weeks after conception, the gonads of males and females are similar in appearance
Testis develop if Primordial germ cells have the SRY gene
SPERMATOGENESIS
— Is the sequence of events by which . . . → Read More: Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis and Ovarian Cycle
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS
—Gametes are derived from PGCs.
Formed in the epiblast during 2nd week and move to the wall of yolk sac and reach gonads by end of 5th week
—In preparation for fertilization germ cells undergo: —
Gametogenesis
—Cytodifferentiation
OOGENESIS
—Is the sequence of events by which germ cells oogonia are transformed into mature oocytes.
OVUM
—Maturation of oocytes begins before . . . → Read More: Oogenesis and Ovarian Cycle
Chromosomal Abnormalities
By admin, on February 23rd, 2011
CAUSES OF BIRTH DEFECTS & SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS ARE:
•Chromosomal abnormalities
•Genetic factors
Incidence For Major Chromosomal Abnormalities
•50% cases of spontaneous abortions
•7% of birth defects
•8% cases of gene mutations
•Commonest is Turner’s syndrome
•Euploid = An exact multiple of n. eg (n, 2n, 3n,4n etc.).
•Aneuploid = Any chromosome number that is not euploid. e.g. . . . → Read More: Chromosomal Abnormalities
Mitosis and Meiosis
By admin, on February 23rd, 2011
CHROMOSOMES
Are structures composed of condensed DNA and associated proteins When DNA condenses, the molecule becomes wrapped around proteins called histones . The histones are then arranged in a coiled pattern to produce a larger fiber.
This larger fiber is further compacted by looping to produce looped domains. The looped domains are coiled and compacted to produce chromosomes.
CHROMATIN
•It is a . . . → Read More: Mitosis and Meiosis
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Cushing Syndrome
By Darth, on March 10th, 2011
A 24 years old (1) female (2) presented in OPD with a 7 months history of puffiness of the face that progressed to generalized swelling of the body(3) and backache without any trauma (4). Besides, she had complaints of progressively increasing weakness of the muscles (5) and polyuria (6). On examination, the patient had moon . . . → Read More: Cushing Syndrome
Thyroid hormones
By Darth, on March 5th, 2011
A lady (1) of 33 years age (2) presented in clinic complaining of increased anxiety (3) and loss of weight (4) despite a healthy appetite (5). She had also noticed an increased frequency of stools (6). She felt extremely tried (7), sweat profusely (8) and could not tolerate hot weather (9).
On examination she appeared agitated (10) . . . → Read More: Thyroid hormones
Stress Management
By admin, on March 3rd, 2011
“Stress is not necessarily something bad – it all depends on how you take it. The stress of creative successful work is beneficial, while that of failure, humiliation or infection is detrimental.”
(Hans Selye)
What is Stress?
Stress is any event which disturbs our physical or psychological equilibrium and requires some adjustment to bring back that equilibrium.
Stress may be . . . → Read More: Stress Management
Derivatives of Mesoderm (Embryonic Period)
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
•Initially cells of mesodermal germ layer forms a thin sheet of loosely woven tissue on each side of midline.
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
PARAXIAL MESODERM
•Begins to organize into segments – SOMITOMERES (Cephalocaudally) •Mesodermal cells are arranged in concentric whorls around a small cavity. •Form in association with neuromeres in the head region.
•SOMITES (from occipital region . . . → Read More: Derivatives of Mesoderm (Embryonic Period)
Derivatives of Ectodermal Germ Layer (Embryonic Period)
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
HUMAN EMBRYONIC PERIOD (3rd to 8th WEEK)
This is the organogenetic period in which all major external and internal structures are established and the main organ systems have begun to develop. By the 8th week the embryo has a distinctly human appearance.
Referred as neurula
DERIVATIVES OF ECTODERMAL GERM LAYER
DISC IN 3RD Week:
From egg shape to pear shape and later . . . → Read More: Derivatives of Ectodermal Germ Layer (Embryonic Period)
First and second week of development
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
First week of development
CLEAVAGE
Cleavage is the series of mitotic cell divisions of the zygote, resulting in the formation of early embryonic cells blastomeres. size of the cleaving zygote remains unchanged while blastomeres become smaller.
Until the 8-cell stage, they form a loosely arranged clump.
SITE OF CLEAVAGE
Division of zygote into blastomeres begins approximately 30 hours after fertilization.
Cleavage . . . → Read More: First and second week of development
Spermatogenesis
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
The reproductive system of the male has —two major functions:
—Production of sperm —
Delivery of these to the reproductive tract of the female.
Formation of Testis
First 6 weeks after conception, the gonads of males and females are similar in appearance
Testis develop if Primordial germ cells have the SRY gene
SPERMATOGENESIS
— Is the sequence of events by which . . . → Read More: Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis and Ovarian Cycle
By admin, on February 24th, 2011
PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS
—Gametes are derived from PGCs.
Formed in the epiblast during 2nd week and move to the wall of yolk sac and reach gonads by end of 5th week
—In preparation for fertilization germ cells undergo: —
Gametogenesis
—Cytodifferentiation
OOGENESIS
—Is the sequence of events by which germ cells oogonia are transformed into mature oocytes.
OVUM
—Maturation of oocytes begins before . . . → Read More: Oogenesis and Ovarian Cycle
Chromosomal Abnormalities
By admin, on February 23rd, 2011
CAUSES OF BIRTH DEFECTS & SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS ARE:
•Chromosomal abnormalities
•Genetic factors
Incidence For Major Chromosomal Abnormalities
•50% cases of spontaneous abortions
•7% of birth defects
•8% cases of gene mutations
•Commonest is Turner’s syndrome
•Euploid = An exact multiple of n. eg (n, 2n, 3n,4n etc.).
•Aneuploid = Any chromosome number that is not euploid. e.g. . . . → Read More: Chromosomal Abnormalities
Mitosis and Meiosis
By admin, on February 23rd, 2011
CHROMOSOMES
Are structures composed of condensed DNA and associated proteins When DNA condenses, the molecule becomes wrapped around proteins called histones . The histones are then arranged in a coiled pattern to produce a larger fiber.
This larger fiber is further compacted by looping to produce looped domains. The looped domains are coiled and compacted to produce chromosomes.
CHROMATIN
•It is a . . . → Read More: Mitosis and Meiosis